El-Said, Mohammed creator text 2005 monographic Sheds light on the evolution of free trade agreements and the intellectual property rights protection incorporated within such agreements. Focuses on the free trade and investment agreements concluded between the United States and the European Union with the Arab world and their TRIPS-Plus nature. Argues that FTAs are being used as political instruments to reward allies while, at the same time, enhancing the protection of intellectual property rights globally beyond the agreed levels of the TRIPS Agreement, hence resulting in a negative effect on both the developing and the Arab countries. 2/2/06 JOYD