Carrère, Céline <br/><br/>
The Doha Round and market access for LDCs : scenarios for the EU and US markets 

 -  2010 
<br/><br/> Estimates that, once the erosion from preferential access into the EU to non-LDCs is taken into account, LDCs have about a three percent preferential margin in the EU market.  In the US market, in spite of preferences under the African Growth and Opportunity Act, on a trade-related basis, LDCs are discriminated against.  Under various 'swiss formulas' for tariff cuts, effective market access for LDCs in EU will be negligible and still negative in the United States.