Carrère, Céline creator text 2010 monographic Estimates that, once the erosion from preferential access into the EU to non-LDCs is taken into account, LDCs have about a three percent preferential margin in the EU market. In the US market, in spite of preferences under the African Growth and Opportunity Act, on a trade-related basis, LDCs are discriminated against. Under various 'swiss formulas' for tariff cuts, effective market access for LDCs in EU will be negligible and still negative in the United States. 3/24/10 JOYD